Psych Chapter 7

For students to show the best performance on their exams, they are advised to engage in

To aid students in their retention of information, which subsequently enables them to earn higher exam scores, memory researchers would highlight the use of

The fading of memory with the passage of time marks decay and which of the “Seven Sins of Memory”?

Lamont is walking through his local health and nutrition store. An employee comes up and asks if he needs any assistance.

Lamont asks what is the most effective and cheapest memory enhancing herbal remedy they have. If the employee answers this question based on the evidence from controlled, scientific research, he or she would recommend

Although both Clive Wearing and a patient known as H.M. had severely damaged hippocampi or removed hippocampi, they both showed evidence of

Knowing how to navigate the route from one’s residence hall room to the location of one’s college algebra class is an example of a

Which of these age groups has the strongest memory abilities?

According to the authors, our memory is most like

False memories are easier to implant when the events that are said to have occurred are perceived as

Leola has a comprehensive final for her organic chemistry class. For her to be able to retain the information from early in the semester, she should be advised to use ________ in her studying throughout the term.

The inability to momentarily remember a person’s name, which you indeed know quite well, is an example of which of the “Seven Sins of Memory”?

The most important factor in the majority of the cases, more than 75 percent, where DNA evidence led to the overturning of a unjust conviction of an innocent person was

With regard to the idea of patients’ memories being shaped by suggestive psychotherapy techniques, psychologists

As Dominique reviews the vocabulary terms for her French class, she is most likely to experience the greatest degree of forgetting

An important criticism of the depth-of-processing model is that it is

An important source of false memories comes from

Mnemonics will be most helpful as encoding devices if we

The inability to momentarily remember a person’s name, which you indeed know quite well, is an example of which of the “Seven Sins of Memory”?

Darryl decides to start reviewing for his exam by studying 20 minutes a day for 10 days rather than just studying 3-4 hours the night before his exam. He is making use of

What point did the authors make regarding claims of recovered memories of childhood abuse?

For students to show the best performance on their exams, they are advised to engage in

Knowing how to navigate the route from one’s residence hall room to the location of one’s college algebra class is an example of a

During lecture each day, a psychology professor may explain four main points he or she wishes the class to retain. However, most students do not think about the material again until the following class period two days later. The forgetting that occurs between classes is most likely the result of

The fading of memory with the passage of time marks decay and which of the “Seven Sins of Memory”?

All night, Pedro has been staring at Samantha from across the dance floor. At the end of the night, he finally gets the courage to ask her for her telephone number. His mental repetition of the number on the drive home is one example of

According to the research on the primacy effect, if your father read you a list of 10 items to pick up at the hardware store you would most easily recall those items

Although both Clive Wearing and a patient known as H.M. had severely damaged hippocampi or removed hippocampi, they both showed evidence of

Memory recovery from amnesia is

In answering this, and all other questions for this exam, you are making use of

When one attempts to recreate a retrieval environment that is as similar as possible to the initial encoding, or learning, environment as possible, he or she is making use of the principle of

memory

suggestive memory techniques

memory illusion

span

duration

sensory memory

iconic memory

echoic memory

short-term memory

decay

interference

retroactive inhibition

proactive inhibition

magic number

chunking

rehearsal

maintenance rehearsal

elaborative rehearsal

levels of processing

long term memory

permastore

primary effect

recency effect

von restorff effect

serial position curve

semantic memory

episodic memory

explicit memory

implicit memory

procedural memory

priming

Three stages of memory;

encoding

mnemonic

storage

schema

retrieval

retrieval cues

recall

recognition

relearning

distributed vs. massed practice

tip of the tongue phenomenon

encoding specificity

context-dependent learning

state-dependent learning

long term potentiation

amygdala

hippocampus

retrograde amnesia

anterograde amnesia

meta memory

infantile amnesia

flashbulb memories

source monitoring

cryptomnesia

misinformation effect

seven sins of memory

The most sensitive measure of memory is

For students to show the best performance on their exams, they are advised to engage in

The first day of class, Sheila asked her professor what was the best way to learn and remember the material for the course. The professor responded, “Focus on identifying and understanding the meaning of the important terms and concepts.” The instructor is advocating a ________ level of processing.

Jermaine sees a car accident and he initially estimates the offending driver to be traveling at 39 miles per hour. However, after hearing another witness’s report of the cars “bumping” and answering a police officer’s questions about the rate of speed when the cars “contacted,” he subsequently revises his estimate to 30 miles per hour and his memory of the accident changes. This is an example of

Evidence suggests that when the real criminal is NOT included in a “live” line-up, most witnesses

During new worker orientation, you wish to make a good impression by being able to recall everyone’s name. Research on encoding would suggest that you are most likely to forget the name of

According to the research on the primacy effect, if your father read you a list of 10 items to pick up at the hardware store you would most easily recall those items

When listening to the radio, Ramona hears a song; she cannot immediately recall the band’s name, but she is sure she knows the name. This is one example of

In the text, the authors discussed the astounding memory capabilities of Rajan. He could recall the digits for the number pi starting from nearly any place in the sequence. His amazing ability is due, in part, to his use of

In high school, Deanna took three years of Spanish. Upon enrolling in college ten years later, she registered for a remedial French course. When required to speak in French during class discussion with her teacher and classmates, Deanna frequently responds with Spanish words instead of French words. This is one example of

An essay exam question or a fill-in-the-blank question with no word bank is similar to the ________ method of assessing one’s memory.

Which of the following forms of memory requires conscious attention for encoding, storage, and retrieval?

Memory recovery from amnesia is

Unlike explicit memory, implicit memory

A recognition memory task is often easier than a recall memory task because

Jasmine needs to remember an 8-line poem for her 5th-grade English class next week. Her mother suggests that she link the first few words from each line with a different part of their home, starting with the front door. This suggestion is most similar to the memory strategy known as

The most important factor in the majority of the cases, more than 75 percent, where DNA evidence led to the overturning of a unjust conviction of an innocent person was

A group of 3- to 6-year-old children were told about a man named “Sam Stone.” For several weeks “Sam” was described to them as being clumsy. Upon his visit, he did nothing to confirm this stereotype. How did this impact the children’s memory?

A key theme that has emerged from the memory research literature is that

Which of the following forms of memory requires conscious attention for encoding, storage, and retrieval?

In answering this, and all other questions for this exam, you are making use of

Eyewitness testimony has been found to be most accurate when

If people today were shown a picture that contain stereotypic-inconsistent information, such as that of the black man being accosted by a white man with a razor, we would expect most of them to

When asked to recall single-digit numbers presented in various digit span sizes, the typical adult starts to encounter difficulty once they get past approximately ________ digits.

According to the authors, most of the events we experience

Roseanne claims that she can remember instances of childhood sexual abuse that started at 6 months of age. Why are most psychologists likely to be skeptical of this and other such claims?

As an adult and a parent of a 4-year-old child, Camille has seen many children begin to cry when placed on the lap of the mall Santa or Easter Bunny. When discussing this with her brother, Luis, he reminds her of the time when she was 5 that she began crying hysterically, ran fromf Santa’s lap, and was lost for nearly two hours. Luis has made all of this up, but Camille has a clear and distinct memory of the event he described. This demonstrates the role of ________ in producing false memories.

As we age, our ability to recognize the strengths and limitations of our own memories improves. This is known as

Lamont is walking through his local health and nutrition store. An employee comes up and asks if he needs any assistance. Lamont asks what is the most effective and cheapest memory enhancing herbal remedy they have. If the employee answers this question based on the evidence from controlled, scientific research, he or she would recommend

Just before taking your French I exam you were reviewing 5 terms that you had missed on the last vocabulary test. When you get to your exam, you find that you have an easy time answering several questions because they are related terms you just studied. This is an example of the

When information that you learned in your high school psychology class gets in the way of learning new information from your college-level psychology class, ________ has occurred.

Seth is using visualization to imagine himself throwing pitches for strikes when he plays baseball. The ability to recognize that he is constructing these images rather than recalling them from an actual game in which he played results from accurate

Dr. Vargas can remember hundreds of students’ names from his twenty-five years of university teaching, but has difficulty remembering the new three digit area code for his home phone number. This is one illustration of

ideki and Thao are reviewing for an exam. Thao asks the following question: “What term refers to how people use information from the past in the present?” Hideki would be most correct if he answered

Emilio is seeing a sports psychologist to help improve his mental preparation and performance. The psychologist asks Emilio to see himself making his free throws. As Emilio visualizes his dribbling, shooting motion, and release, he sees himself as an outside observer would. Memory researchers argue this demonstrates

Schemas can lead to memory errors through the confirmation bias and stereotyping because we

Researchers have attempted to implant false memories in the memories of students at Gotham State University. To be certain that the event never occurred, they asked students if they recall getting to meet Yosemite Sam (a Warner Brothers character) at Disneyland. When approximately 41% of the students reported this memory, the researchers knew it was indeed evidence of a false memory because

chemas and scripts are valuable memory tools because they

The misinformation effect is most similar to which example below from the “Seven Sins of Memory”?

Gingko, or any other memory booster, works by increasing the amount of ________ in the human brain.

Schemas can lead to memory errors through the confirmation bias and stereotyping because we

Research on flashbulb memories indicates

After presenting groups of research participants words like thread, eye, pin, syringe, sewing, sharp, and thimble, a memory researcher asks the participants whether they remember seeing the word needle. The fact that many participants do is an example of

Exposing people to stereotype-consistent information before meeting with an individual from the stereotyped group is often sufficient to produce stereotypic interpretations of that person’s actions and thoughts. This is an example of

In his research on long-term memory, psychologist Harry Bahrick found that memory declined

when one attempts to recreate a retrieval environment that is as similar as possible to the initial encoding, or learning, environment as possible, he or she is making use of the principle of

If people today were shown a picture that contain stereotypic-inconsistent information, such as that of the black man being accosted by a white man with a razor, we would expect most of them to

During which of Piaget’s stages does a child demonstrate the ability reason about abstract ideas and novel information?

Which of the following is an example of imprinting?

At five years old, Sammy is better able to understand his friends’ feelings as compared to when he was three years old. Sammy is acquiring a

One’s accumulated knowledge gained over time is called

Which research method is most suitable for studying factors that influence behavioral change over time?

Elementary school teachers from China would likely employ a(n)________ style of teaching

During menarche teenagers experience

Piaget overestimated the degree to which

According to Kohlberg, behavior motivated by the avoidance of punishment represents ________ morality.

Responses to moral dilemmas are only moderately correlated with actual behavior. Which of the following may be seen to increase the strength of correlations between hypothetical responses and actual behavior?

Jean Piaget is best known for his pioneering work in the area of ________ development.

Miss Johnson gave Mark and Tia equal sized lumps of clay. Tia immediately rolled hers into a long shape. Mark cried and complained that Tia had received more clay. Mark’s behavior represents

Children involved in “Strange Situation” research change attachment styles frequently in follow-up studies, meaning that this method of measuring attachment style lacks

Which of the following represents cross-cultural differences in attachment study research?

According to Vygotsky, cognitive development results from

Responses to moral dilemmas are only moderately correlated with actual behavior. Which of the following may be seen to increase the strength of correlations between hypothetical responses and actual behavior?

According to Piaget, egocentrism involves

According to Kohlberg, postconventional morality involves

Which of the following is true concerning the nature-nurture debate?

ue has devoted so much time to her engineering career that at age 70 she has never been free to pursue many of her personal interests. Sue’s feelings of missed opportunities suggest a sense of

esearch investigating the causes of gender differences in behavior suggests that

Which of the following research designs would be least effective in exploring the cognitive developmental issues facing 7-year-olds?

Which of the following statements is illustrative of the post hoc fallacy?

Formal operational thinking is likely required to successfully resolve Erikson’s

According to Erikson, which is true?

Piaget’s theory applies to such topics as

Elementary school teachers from China would likely employ a(n)________ style of teaching.

During the ________ stage of development, a child will not have developed object permanence.

Karla can speed on a certain stretch of the interstate without being ticketed, yet she decides not to speed because it is unlawful. Karla’s reasoning reflects ________ reasoning.

The belief that children will have increased cognitive abilities if their parents play classical music for them during infancy reflects

The rooting reflex refers to a newborn’s tendency to

According to Piaget, students begin to successfully complete division and multiplication problems during the ________ stage.

Gail has just turned 53 and is beginning menopause. Gail is likely to begin experiencing

Authoritarian parents are ________ disciplinarians and they are ________ with punishment.

According to Piaget, equilibration involves the processes of

The heart, lungs, and brain begin to form during the ________ period of prenatal development.

Ken is able to perform mathematical operations only if he can use manipulatives and familiar examples in working up his answers. Ken is in Piaget’s ________ stage.

During which of Piaget’s stages does a child demonstrate the ability reason about abstract ideas and novel information?

Which of the following is true regarding parenting research?

The body’s reproductive organs are called

Puberty is associated with the onset of

People typically experience declines in vision, hearing, and smell at about age

As compared to Piaget’s theory, Vygotsky’s theory of cognitive development best explains how a child learns to

Johnny has never been harassed by the school bully but most of his friends have. Johnny’s decision to stand up to the bully to protect his friends represents a type of ________ morality.

Which of the following is true regarding Piaget’s and Erikson’s theories?

Brenda’s parents are political conservatives while she identifies more with liberal political views. When asked her political orientation, Brenda seems uncertain and does not respond. Brenda is dealing with the ________ crisis.

Harlowe’s study of infant rhesus monkeys showed that

Which of the following research designs would be least effective in exploring the cognitive developmental issues facing 7-year-olds?

Asking students to predict how the course of history may have changed if the first president were a woman would likely motivate students in which of Piaget’s stages to answer thoroughly?

According to Kohlberg, behavior motivated by the avoidance of punishment represents ________ morality.

Joseph refuses to vote in major elections because he believes that most political candidates seeking office are motivated by personal gain and not to create positive social change. Joseph’s reasoning reflects

Marko believed that all red go-carts were fast until he drove a very slow one at the fair. Marko’s revised views on red go-carts illustrates

Which developmental theorist is likely to be most criticized for the use of broad age ranges in various stages of his theory?

Empty nest researchers have found that

Which is true concerning research related to the “Mozart Effect”?

During the autonomy versus shame and doubt stage of development, the key social agent influencing the resolution of the crisis is likely to be

Sir Francis Galton (1884)

Clark Wissler (1901)

Alfred Binet and Henri Simon (1904)

Americans tend to view intelligence as:

Charles Spearman (1927)

Raymond Cattell (1971)

Fluid Intelligence

Crystallized Intelligence

Howard Gardner (1983)

Robert Sternberg’s (1983

Analytical Intelligence

Practical Intelligence:

Creative Intelligence:

Modern intelligence tests don’t

IQ =

deviation IQ

Culture-Fair Tests

Raven’s Progressive Matrices

Standardized Tests

Mental Retardation

Mild Retardation

mild retardation is caused by

Divergent thinking:

Convergent thinking:

Emotional Intelligence (EQ)

Wisdom:

prenatal

blastocyst

embryo

fetus

concrete operations

formal operational period

elaboration

During Piaget’s concrete-operational stages,

hypothetical and deductive reasoning are characteristics of children in Piagets__ stage

Piaget’s account of formal operations has been criticized because adolescents’ reasoning is often less sophisticated than the theory predicts because

authoritarian parenting

authoritative parenting

uninvolved parenting

permissive